Discussion on the stability evaluation standard of a rock slope in a noncoal open-pit mine
-
摘要: 根據露天礦山的生產工藝特征，將巖質邊坡劃分為總體邊坡、路間邊坡和臺階邊坡三種尺度，并對其控制因素、破壞模式進行了分析；結合土木工程邊坡規范和非煤露天礦山邊坡規范的邊坡設計安全系數取值，討論了國內外非煤露天礦山邊坡設計安全系數的要求，提出了六條建議；綜合考慮服務年限、邊坡尺度規模的設計安全系數改進方案，并引入失穩概率，拓展了不同尺度邊坡穩定性評價的設計標準，可有效提升非煤露天礦巖質邊坡穩定性評價的合理性和科學性，進一步完善了礦山邊坡設計理論和方法。Abstract: As an important way to obtain mineral resources, open-pit mining has accounted for about 77% of the total production of the mined iron ore, and about 52% of the total production of non-ferrous ore, indicating huge development potential. With the continuous development of open-pit mines to deep and large-scale directions, the height of mine slopes is constantly increasing and the maximum height has exceeded kilometers. Slope instability disaster is a major problem faced by open-pit mines, and the evaluation and analysis of the stability of mine slopes are of great importance. However, in the stability evaluation and analysis of rock slopes in many open-pit mines, the engineering scale is ignored, the value of design safety factor is too conservative, and the evaluation index is single, rendering it difficult to consider the economy and safety of mine slope evaluation and resulting in the waste of resources and frequent accidents. In this paper, rock slopes were divided into three scales according to the production process characteristics of open-pit mines: (1) overall slope, (2) inter-ramp slope, and (3) bench slope. Moreover, the control elements and failure modes of the slopes were analyzed. Combined with the design safety factor value of the civil-engineering slope standards and specifications of a non-coal open-pit mine slope, the design safety factor requirements of non-coal open-pit mine slopes at home and abroad were discussed, then six suggestions were put forward. Comprehensively taking service years and the improved scheme of design safety factor in slope scale into consideration, the instability probability were introduced to extend the design standard of slope stability evaluation in different scales, which can effectively improve the rationality and scientificity of the rock slope stability evaluation in non-coal open-pit mines, further improving the mining slope design theory and method.
-
Key words:
- open-pit mine /
- rock slope /
- design safety factor /
- instability probability /
- slope stability /
- evaluation standard
-
圖 1 露天礦巖質邊坡結構參數與臺階分類示意圖
Figure 1. Diagram of the structural parameters and step classification of a rock slope in an open-pit mine
表 1 露天礦山邊坡設計方案
Table 1. Slope design scheme of the open-pit mine
Slope design scheme Overall angle/ (°) Safety factor Scheme 1 38 1.462 Scheme 2 40 1.364 
下載: 導出CSV
Material type Conditions Design safety factor Soil earthworks Normal loads and service conditions 1.5 Maximum loads and worst environmental conditions 1.3 Earth retaining Normal loads and service conditions 2.0 Slopes Temporary 1.25 Permanent 1.5
下載: 導出CSV
表 3 邊坡危害等級
Table 3. Slope hazard grade
Slope hazard grade Possible casualties Potential economic risk/(106 ￥) Comprehensive assessment Direct Indirect Ⅰ Casualties ≥1.0 ≥10 Very serious Ⅱ Injured 0.5?1.0 5?10 Serious Ⅲ Unharmed ≤0.5 ≤5 Ordinary
下載: 導出CSV
表 4 邊坡工程安全等級劃分
Table 4. Safety classification of slope engineering
Slope engineering safety grade Slope height, H/m Slope hazard grade Ⅰ H>500 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 300<H≤500 Ⅰ, Ⅱ 100<H≤300 Ⅰ Ⅱ 300<H≤500 Ⅲ 100<H≤300 Ⅱ, Ⅲ H≤100 Ⅰ Ⅲ 100<H≤300 Ⅲ H≤100 Ⅱ, Ⅲ
下載: 導出CSV
表 5 不同荷載組合下總體邊坡的設計安全系數
Table 5. Design safety factor of the overall slope under different load combinations
Slope engineering
safety gradeSlope engineering design safety factor Load combination Ⅰ Load combination Ⅱ Load combination Ⅲ Ⅰ 1.25?1.20 1.23?1.18 1.20?1.15 Ⅱ 1.20?1.15 1.18?1.13 1.15?1.10 Ⅲ 1.15?1.10 1.13?1.08 1.10?1.05
下載: 導出CSV
表 6 邊坡危害等級建議
Table 6. Recommendation on the grade of the slope hazard
Slope hazard grade Possible casualties Potential economic risk/
(106 ￥)Comprehensive assessment Direct Indirect 1 Casualties ≥10 ≥50 Very serious 2 Injured 2?10 10?50 Serious 3 Unharmed ≤2 ≤10 Ordinary
下載: 導出CSV
表 7 邊坡工程安全等級劃分建議
Table 7. Suggestions on the safety classification of slope engineering
Slope engineering safety grade Slope height, H/m Slope hazard grade Note Ⅰ H>500 1, 2, 3 The engineering security levels should be increased a level for open-pit mine slope whose security level belong to II or III, or service years greater than 25 300<H≤500 1, 2 100<H≤300 1 Ⅱ 300<H≤500 3 100<H≤300 2, 3 H≤100 1 Ⅲ 100<H≤300 3 H≤100 2, 3
下載: 導出CSV
表 8 采礦巖石邊坡可接受的失穩概率
Table 8. Acceptable instability probability of mining rock slopes
Category Description Acceptable instability probability 1 Critical slopes where failure may affect the continuous operation and pit safety <5% 2 Slopes where failure have a significant impact on costs and safety <15% 3 Slopes where failure has a notable impact on costs and where minimal safety hazards exist <30%
下載: 導出CSV
中文字幕在线观看表 9 露天礦巖質邊坡設計安全系數與失穩概率建議值
Table 9. Suggested value of the design safety factor and instability probability of the rock slope in the open-pit mine
Slope scale Slope engineering safety grade Acceptable criteria Minimum design safety factor (static) Minimum design safety factor (dynamic) Maximum instability probability/% Bench Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 1.1 — 25 Inter-ramp Ⅲ 1.15 1.0 20 Ⅱ 1.2 1.0 15 Ⅰ 1.2 1.1 Overall Ⅲ 1.2 1.0 15 Ⅱ 1.25 1.05 10 Ⅰ 1.3 1.1 5 Important production Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 1.3 1.1 5
下載: 導出CSV
-
參考文獻
[1] Qian M G, Miao X X, Xu J L, et al. On scientized mining. J Min Saf Eng, 2008, 25(1): 1 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-3363.2008.01.001錢鳴高, 繆協興, 許家林, 等. 論科學采礦. 采礦與安全工程學報, 2008, 25(1):1 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-3363.2008.01.001 [2] Wang Q M. Status que of large and medium slopes in China non-coal open-pit mines and countermeasures. Met Mine, 2007(10): 1 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1250.2007.10.001王啟明. 我國非煤露天礦山大中型邊坡安全現狀及對策. 金屬礦山, 2007(10):1 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1250.2007.10.001 [3] Qin H N. Study on Waste Dump Landslide Inducement Mechanism and Monitoring and Early Warning Technology of Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine [Dissertation]. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2016秦宏楠. 紫金山金銅礦排土場滑坡誘發機理及監測預警技術研究[學位論文]. 北京: 北京科技大學, 2016 [4] 《Statistical Analysis report on production safety accidents in non-coal Mines nationwide in 2017》was released. Occup Health Emerg Rescue, 2018, 36(3): 284《2017年全國非煤礦山生產安全事故統計分析報告》發布. 職業衛生與應急救援, 2018, 36(3): 284 [5] Wang S W, Liu H D, Wan L H. Research of safety standard of pit slope. J North China Inst Water Conserv Hydroelectr Power, 2004, 25(1): 54王四巍, 劉漢東, 萬林海. 礦山邊坡安全度標準的研究. 華北水利水電學院學報, 2004, 25(1):54 [6] Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, People’s Republic of China. GB51016—2014 Technical Code for Non-coal Open Mine Slope Engineering. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2014中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建設部. GB51016—2014非煤露天礦邊坡工程技術規范. 北京: 中國計劃出版社, 2014 [7] Du S G, Yong R, Chen J Q, et al. Graded analysis for slope stability assessment of large open-pit mines. Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 2017, 36(11): 2601杜時貴, 雍睿, 陳咭扦, 等. 大型露天礦山邊坡巖體穩定性分級分析方法. 巖石力學與工程學報, 2017, 36(11):2601 [8] Du S G. Method of equal accuracy assessment for the stability analysis of large open-pit mine slopes. Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 2018, 37(6): 1301杜時貴. 大型露天礦山邊坡穩定性等精度評價方法. 巖石力學與工程學報, 2018, 37(6):1301 [9] Terbrugge P J, Wesseloo J, Venter J, et al. A risk consequence approach to open pit slope design. J S Afr Inst Min Metall, 2006, 106(7): 503 [10] Johari A, Lari A M. System probabilistic model of rock slope stability considering correlated failure modes. Comput Geotech, 2017, 81: 26 doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.07.010 [11] Obregon C, Mitri H. Probabilistic approach for open pit bench slope stability analysis - A mine case study. Int J Min Sci Techno, 2019, 29(4): 629 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2019.06.017 [12] Chen Q, Tang M, Zhu F Q. Influence of uncertainty of strength parameters on instability probability of embankment dam slopes. Chin J Geotech Eng, 2008, 30(11): 1594 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2008.11.003陳群, 唐岷, 朱分清. 強度參數的不確定性對土石壩壩坡失穩概率的影響. 巖土工程學報, 2008, 30(11):1594 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2008.11.003 [13] Wu S C, Zhang H J, Xiao S, et al. Study on time-varying target reliability of open-pit slope considering service life. J Min Saf Eng, 2019, 36(3): 542吳順川, 張化進, 肖術, 等. 考慮服務年限的露天礦邊坡時變目標可靠度研究. 采礦與安全工程學報, 2019, 36(3):542 [14] Rao Y Z, Zhang X Y, Li J, et al. Relationship between slope safety factor and landslide probability. J Yangtze River Sci Res Inst, 2017, 34(5): 63 doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20160186饒運章, 張學焱, 利堅, 等. 邊坡安全系數與滑坡概率關系分析. 長江科學院院報, 2017, 34(5):63 doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20160186 [15] Sun J Z, Han S C, Xiong F, et al. Probability analysis of slope seismic instability. Xinjiang Geol, 2020, 38(2): 262 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8845.2020.02.021孫進忠, 韓賽超, 熊峰, 等. 邊坡地震失穩概率分析. 新疆地質, 2020, 38(2):262 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8845.2020.02.021 [16] Jiang S H, Liu X, Huang F M, et al. Failure mechanism and reliability analysis of soil slopes under rainfall infiltration considering spatial variability of multiple soil parameters. Chin J Geotech Eng, 2020, 42(5): 900蔣水華, 劉賢, 黃發明, 等. 考慮多參數空間變異性的降雨入滲邊坡失穩機理及可靠度分析. 巖土工程學報, 2020, 42(5):900 [17] Yang T H, Zhang F C, Yu Q L, et al. Research situation of open-pit mining high and steep slope stability and its developing trend. Rock Soil Mech, 2011, 32(5): 1437 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2011.05.025楊天鴻, 張鋒春, 于慶磊, 等. 露天礦高陡邊坡穩定性研究現狀及發展趨勢. 巖土力學, 2011, 32(5):1437 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2011.05.025 [18] Wu S C, Jin A B, Liu Y, Slope Engineering. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2020吳順川, 金愛兵, 劉洋. 邊坡工程. 北京: 冶金工業出版社, 2020 [19] State Administration for Market Regulation. GB/T 38509—2020 Code for the Design of Landslide Stabilization. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020國家市場監督管理總局. GB/T 38509—2020滑坡防治設計規范. 北京: 中國標準出版社, 2020 [20] Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. JTGD30—2015 Specifications for Design of Highway Subgrades. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2015中華人民共和國交通運輸部. JTGD30—2015公路路基設計規范. 北京: 人民交通出版社, 2015 [21] Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, People’s Republic of China. GB50330—2013 Technical Code for Building Slope Engineering. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 2013.中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建設部. GB50330—2013建筑邊坡工程技術規范. 北京: 中國建筑工業出版社, 2013 [22] National Railway Administration of People's Republic of China. TB10025—2019 Code for Design of Retaining Structures of Railway Earthworks. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 2019國家鐵路局. TB10025—2019鐵路路基支擋結構設計規范. 北京: 中國鐵道出版社, 2019 [23] Pan H Y, He J D, Zhang L. Application of material strength reserve method to the analysis of stability of high rock slope. J Sichu Union Univ Eng Sci, 1998, 2(1): 12潘亨永, 何江達, 張林. 強度儲備法在巖質高邊坡穩定性分析中的應用. 四川聯合大學學報(工程科學版), 1998, 2(1):12 [24] Tang F, Zheng Y R. Effect on safety factors in different definitions based on strength margin. J Civ Archit Environ Eng, 2009, 31(3): 61唐芬, 鄭穎人. 強度儲備安全系數不同定義對穩定系數的影響. 土木建筑與環境工程, 2009, 31(3):61 [25] Wu S C, Han L Q, Li Z P, et al. Discussion on the methods for determining slope safety factor based on stress state of the sliding surface. J China Univ Min Technol, 2018, 47(4): 719吳順川, 韓龍強, 李志鵬, 等. 基于滑面應力狀態的邊坡安全系數確定方法探討. 中國礦業大學學報, 2018, 47(4):719 [26] Zheng H, Tian B, Liu D F, et al. On definitions of safety factor of slope stability analysis with finite element method. Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 2005, 24(13): 2225 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.13.004鄭宏, 田斌, 劉德富, 等. 關于有限元邊坡穩定性分析中安全系數的定義問題. 巖石力學與工程學報, 2005, 24(13):2225 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.13.004 [27] Huang X G. Similarities and differences between stability factor and safety factor of landslide. J Lanzhou Jiaotong Univ, 2015, 34(6): 32 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4373.2015.06.007黃先光. 滑坡穩定系數與安全系數的異同. 蘭州交通大學學報, 2015, 34(6):32 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4373.2015.06.007 [28] Zheng Y R, Zhao S Y. Discussion on safety factors of slope and landslide engineering design. Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 2006, 25(9): 1937 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2006.09.032鄭穎人, 趙尚毅. 邊(滑)坡工程設計中安全系數的討論. 巖石力學與工程學報, 2006, 25(9):1937 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2006.09.032 [29] Lu S Z. Basic conditions and prospect of China’s mine slope research. Met Mine, 1999, 9: 6盧世宗. 我國礦山邊坡研究的基本情況和展望. 金屬礦山, 1999, 9:6 [30] Read J, Stacey P. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 2009 [31] Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, People’s Republic of China. GB50021—2001 Code for investigation of geotechnical engineering. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2009中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建設部. GB 50021—2001 巖土工程勘察規范. 北京: 中國建筑工業出版社, 2009 [32] The Second Highway Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Communications. Subgrade: Highway Design Manual. 2nd Ed. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2004交通部第二公路勘察設計院. 路基: 公路設計手冊. 2版. 北京: 人民交通出版社, 2004 [33] Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, People’s Republic of China. SL386—2016 Design Code for Engineered Slopes in Water Resources and Hydropower Projects. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2016中華人民共和國水利部. SL386—2016水利水電工程邊坡設計規范. 北京: 中國水利水電出版社, 2016 [34] Sun Y K, Ni H C, Yao B K. Stability Analysis of Slope Rock Mass. Beijing: Science Press, 1988孫玉科, 倪會寵, 姚寶魁. 邊坡巖體穩定性分析. 北京: 科學出版社, 1988 [35] Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, People’s Republic of China. GB50197—2015 Code for Design of Open Pit Mine of Coal Industry. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2015中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建設部. GB50197—2015煤炭工業露天礦設計規范. 北京: 中國計劃出版社, 2015 [36] Wu Z G, Wu S C Probabilistic back analysis method for determining surrounding rock parameters of deep hard rock tunnel, Chin J Eng, 2019, 41(1): 78吳忠廣, 吳順川. 深埋硬巖隧道圍巖參數概率反演方法. 工程科學學報, 2019, 41(1): 78 [37] Chen Z Y. Reliability analysis and safety criterion in geotechnical engineering based on the index of safety margin. Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 2018, 37(3): 521陳祖煜. 建立在相對安全率準則基礎上的巖土工程可靠度分析與安全判據. 巖石力學與工程學報, 2018, 37(3):521 [38] Wu S C, Han L Q, Cheng Z Q, et al. Study on the limit equilibrium slice method considering characteristics of inter-slice normal forces distribution: The improved Spencer method. Environ Earth Sci, 2019, 78(20): 1 [39] Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, People’s Republic of China. SL386—2007 Design Code for Engineered Slopes in Water Resources and Hydropower Projects. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2007中華人民共和國水利部. SL386—2007水利水電工程邊坡設計規范. 北京: 中國水利水電出版社, 2007 -
點擊查看大圖
圖(2) / 表(9)
計量
- 文章訪問數: 880
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 663
- PDF下載量: 102
- 被引次數: 0
