High-temperature wear performance and mechanism of NM400/NM500 mining machinery steels
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摘要: 將直徑為5 mm的混合燒結Al2O3陶瓷球安裝在高溫滑動摩擦試驗機夾持工具上與耐磨鋼組成摩擦副, 研究了耐磨鋼與氧化鋁陶瓷球在200~300 N、100~400 r·min-1不同載荷下的滑動摩擦行為.結合X射線衍射分析技術和掃描電鏡等分析手段研究了NM400和NM500兩種耐磨鋼在室溫~300℃下摩擦界面處材料的氧化物形成、磨損表面形貌和顯微組織等行為.隨溫度升高, NM400和NM500的摩擦系數仍然處于0.27~0.40的范圍內, 但兩者的平均摩擦系數分別從0.337、0.323逐步降低至了0.296和0.288.在300℃時, 氧化物的產生是摩擦系數略有下降的主要原因.隨著溫度的升高, 摩擦行為首先以磨粒磨損為主, 隨后逐漸發生氧化物的壓入-剝離-氧化現象, 使磨損速率略有降低.通過高溫摩擦磨損行為與微量氧化模型的分析發現, NM400和NM500鋼在室溫至300℃的磨損機制是磨粒磨損、擠壓變形磨損以及微量氧化物磨損的共同作用.NM500鋼表現出更加良好的耐磨性能主要原因是其硬度強度高于NM400鋼.在高強微合金馬氏體耐磨鋼中添加少量合金元素, 使其在高溫摩擦過程中產生一定量穩定附著的氧化物, 在一定程度上能夠起到降低磨損率的作用.Abstract: The friction and wear behavior of NM400 and NM500 steels in the temperature range from room temperature to 300℃ were investigated, including the formation of interface oxide, wear surface morphology, and microstructures. A high-temperature sliding friction tester was used to study the behavior of sliding friction between wear-resistant steel and Al2O3 ceramic balls under different loads of 200-300 N and speeds of 100-400 r·min-1. A ball-disc friction pair containing mix-sintered Al2O3 ceramic balls with a diameter of 5 mm was mounted on the holding tool and steel plate. The friction coefficients of the two materials from room temperature to 300℃ are determined to be in a range of 0.27-0.40, whereas the average friction coefficients of NM400 and NM500 steels are found to decrease gradually from 0.337 to 0.296 and from 0.323 to 0.288. The generation of oxides is the primary reason for slight decrease in the friction coefficient at a high temperature of 300℃. The friction behavior is controlled by the abrasive wear mechanism, and then the phenomenon of pressure-into-peeling-oxidation of oxide gradually occurs at a higher temperature, which slightly reduces the wear rate. Larger amount of oxides are produced on the interface as the temperature increases, but this is not sufficient to form a continuous oxide layer. The main wear pattern at this time is still abrasive wear, although the wear rate and friction coefficient are affected by oxides. The main factors influencing the wear behavior are the hardness, oxide volume fraction, and oxidation activation energy of the wear-resistant steel, as found through the analysis of high-temperature frictional wear behavior and micro-oxidation model. In conclusion, the wear mechanisms of NM400 and NM500 steels from room temperature to 300℃ are influenced by the combined effect of abrasive wear, extrusion deformation wear, and trace oxide wear. NM500 steel exhibites better wear resistance than NM400 steel, and this can be mainly attributed to higher level of its hardness. A small amount of additional alloying elements in the high-strength microalloyed martensitic wear-resistant steel can reduce the wear rate to some extent, due to the formation of a certain amount of stable attached oxides that are produced during the high-temperature friction process.
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Key words:
- abrasive wear /
- high-temperature wear /
- oxide wear /
- feeder /
- liner
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圖 2 NM400 (a) 和NM500 (b) 合金的顯微組織掃描電鏡照片
Figure 2. Microstructures of NM400 (a) and NM500 (b) steels
圖 3 200 N載荷室溫下合金的摩擦. (a) NM400合金; (b) NM500合金; (c) 平均摩擦系數
Figure 3. Friction coefficient of the alloys under a load of 200 N: (a) NM400; (b) NM500; (c) average friction coefficient
圖 4 耐磨鋼摩擦表面的X射線衍射圖譜. (a) NM400; (b) NM500
Figure 4. X-Ray diffraction results of the friction surfaces of steels: (a) NM400; (b) NM500
圖 5 NM400 (a) 和NM500 (b) 鋼室溫下的摩擦表面形貌照片
Figure 5. Wear surface topography of NM400 (a) and NM500 (b) steel
圖 6 NM400耐磨鋼不同溫度下的磨損表面形貌照片. (a, b) 100 ℃; (c, d) 200 ℃; (e, f) 300 ℃
Figure 6. Wear surface topography of NM400 steel with increasing frictional temperatures: (a, b) 100 ℃; (c, d) 200 ℃; (e, f) 300 ℃
圖 7 NM500耐磨鋼不同溫度下的磨損表面形貌照片. (a, b) 100 ℃; (c, d) 200 ℃; (e, f) 300 ℃
Figure 7. Wear surface topography of NM500 steel with increasing frictional temperatures: (a, b) 100 ℃; (c, d) 200 ℃; (e, f) 300 ℃
圖 8 NM400 (a) 和NM500 (b) 耐磨鋼300 ℃下摩擦1 h后的表面形貌照片
Figure 8. Wear surface topography of NM400 steel (a) and NM500 steel (b) corresponding to the friction experiments at 300 ℃for 1 h
圖 9 耐磨鋼室溫下不同載荷400 r·min-1下的磨損量隨時間變化規律. (a) 200 N; (b) 300 N
Figure 9. Abrasion loss of steels with the rotational friction rate of 400 r·min-1at room temperature: (a) 200 N; (b) 300 N
圖 10 0耐磨鋼不同載荷400 r·min-1下的磨損量隨溫度變化規律. (a) 200 N; (b) 300 N
Figure 10. Abrasion loss of steels with rotational friction rate of 400 r·min-1at different temperatures: (a) 200 N; (b) 300 N
圖 11 NM500耐磨鋼室溫至300 ℃之間的磨損率實驗數據與擬合計算數據曲線
Figure 11. Experimental data and calculation profiles of wear rate of NM400 steel in the temperature range from room temperature to 300 ℃
表 1 NM400、NM500耐磨鋼的化學成分(質量分數)
Table 1. Chemical compositions of NM400 and NM500 wear-resist steels ?
% 合金 C Mn Si S P Cr Ti B Als Nb Ni NM400 0.23 1.20 0.25 0.007 0.10 0.25 0.015 0.0015 0.020 0.020 - NM500 0.35 1.50 0.70 0.001 0.01 1.00 0.050 0.0015 0.035 0.020 0.9 
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中文字幕在线观看表 2 耐磨鋼的熱處理工藝及力學性能
Table 2. Heat treatment and mechanical properties of wear-resist steels
合金 抗拉強度/ MPa 屈服強度/ MPa 延伸率/% 硬度，HB NM400 1245 1084 15 45.00 NM500 1500 1300 8 53.35
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