垃圾焚燒飛灰熔融無害化及資源化研究現狀

張俊杰; 劉波; 沈漢林; 溫泉; 劉穎; 張柏林; 張深根

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.04.20.006

垃圾焚燒飛灰熔融無害化及資源化研究現狀

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.04.20.006

張俊杰^{1, 2},
劉波^{1, 3},
沈漢林¹,
溫泉¹,
劉穎¹,
張柏林^{1, 2},
張深根^1, ,

1.
北京科技大學新材料技術研究院，北京 100083
2.
北京科技大學順德研究生院，佛山 528399
3.
新疆有色金屬研究所，烏魯木齊 830009

基金項目: 國家重點研發計劃資助項目（2021YFC1910504, 2019YFC1907101）; 廣東省基礎與應用基礎研究基金資助項目（2021A1515110998）; 北京科技大學順德研究生院博士后科研經費資助項目（2022BH004）;佛山市人民政府科技創新專項資金資助項目（BK22BE001）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: zhangshengen@mater.ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: X799.3
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-20
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-05-17
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-01

Current state of the harmless melting and recycling of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

ZHANG Jun-jie^{1, 2},
LIU Bo^{1, 3},
SHEN Han-lin¹,
WEN Quan¹,
LIU Ying¹,
ZHANG Bo-lin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Shen-gen^{1
, ,}

1.
Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China
3.
Xinjiang Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Urumqi 830009, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: zhangshengen@mater.ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 垃圾焚燒飛灰因含二噁英和重金屬被列為危險廢物（HW18），存在環境污染風險，2020年全國生活垃圾焚燒量高達14607.6萬噸，以焚燒量5%（質量分數）計算，全國垃圾焚燒飛灰的產生量為730.4萬噸。目前垃圾焚燒飛灰以固化填埋為主，占用土地資源，且堆存量與處理量嚴重失衡，無法實現資源化，因此垃圾焚燒飛灰的無害化及資源化已成為綠色發展的瓶頸課題。本文詳細介紹了垃圾焚燒飛灰經熔融無害化及資源化的研究現狀，闡述了熔融處理垃圾焚燒飛灰的重金屬固化、二噁英降解機理，結合熔融形成的玻璃渣分析了制備微晶玻璃、泡沫微晶玻璃、膠凝材料的資源化技術，并指出現有玻璃化雖能固化重金屬，但在后續資源化以及產品服役過程，重金屬的遷移規律、浸出性需要進一步研究，為垃圾焚燒飛灰的綜合利用提供了參考。
- 垃圾焚燒飛灰 /
- 熔融 /
- 玻璃化 /
- 泡沫微晶玻璃 /
- 重金屬
Abstract: In 2020, the municipal solid waste removal and transportation volume reached 235.117 million tons, of which 146.076 million tons were incinerated in China. Because it can reduce the harmfulness of waste and recycle energy, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) technology has become the primary method for the disposal treatment of urban domestic waste in China. However, this method produces MSWI fly ash, which is defined as a hazardous waste rich in dioxins and heavy metals. Calculated based on 5% (mass fraction) of the original waste, the output of MSWI fly ash in China nearly reached 7.304 million tons in 2020. Moreover, the stockpile management and treatment capacities are seriously out of balance. At present, the main disposal method of MSWI fly ash is landfilling, which consumes land resources and poses an environmental hazard. As a result, the harmlessness and recyclability of MSWI fly ash have become a bottleneck for green development. In this review, the harmless melting and recycling of MSWI fly ash are introduced in detail. The mechanisms of heavy metal solidification and dioxin degradation during MSWI fly ash melting have been explained. MSWI fly ash can be transformed into glass slag containing CaO?SiO₂?Al₂O₃ after co-melting with other solid wastes rich in silicon aluminum oxide. Heavy metals in MSWI fly ash can be solidified at the atomic scale in the silicate network of glass. More importantly, as the temperature increases beyond 800 °C, dioxins undergo dechlorination and degradation, reducing the harmfulness and revealing the harmlessness of MSWI fly ash. This review also describes how to deal with the glass slag that forms because of co-melting. The glass slag has low added value and poor mechanical properties. Future disposal trends for vitrified slag from MSWI fly ash, including glass–ceramic, glass–ceramic foam, and cementitious materials, have been proposed. Given that vitrification can solidify heavy metals in the process of subsequent resource usage and product service, the migration and leaching characteristics of heavy metals need to be further investigated. This study provides a reference for the comprehensive usage of MSWI fly ash.
- MSWI fly ash /
- melting /
- vitrification /
- glass ceramic foams /
- heavy metals

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圖 1 2009~2020年我國生活垃圾清運量及增速趨勢

Figure 1. Growth trend of domestic waste removal in China from 2009 to 2020

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圖 2 飛灰熔融后制備的泡沫微晶玻璃宏觀(a)及微觀(b)形貌^[48]

Figure 2. Macromorphology (a) and micromorphology (b) of glass–ceramic foams prepared by melting MSWI fly ash^[48]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 飛灰重金屬質量濃度及浸出毒性^[14]

Table 1. Concentration and leaching toxicity of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash^[14]

Heavy metal elements	Concentration/ (mg·L^?1)	Standard for leaching toxicity of MSWI in China/ (mg·L^?1)	Criteria for landfills for nonhazardous waste in Europe/ (mg·L^?1)
Zn	3269.0	100.00	50.00
Pb	1515.0	0.25	10.0
Cu	563.2	40.00	50.0
Cd	36.7	0.15	1.0
Cr	157.0	4.50	10.0
Hg	35.8	0.05	0.2

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